Introduction According to Markham, “The world might be said to be made up of that which is relatively measurable and that which is relatively unmeasurable. Different schools of thinking place different levels of emphasis on the very measurable and the very unmeasurable”. Qualitative research methodology unlike quantitative research is used to find out about people’s feelings, opinions, behaviours, reasons for behaviours, attitudes & beliefs. This paper aims to review and compare three of the qualitative research methodologies: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), Discourse Analysis (DA) and Grounded Theory (GT), and identify how they can be applied in coaching research. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an experiential qualitative methodology developed by Jonathan Smith, for use in new psychology research areas such as health psychology. Shaw (2010) states that, “The central objective of IPA is to understand what personal & social experiences mean to the people who experience them”. This is achieved through the exploration of the participants experiences from their own personal perspective, the process that they use to make sense of the experiences and the meaning that they attach to their experiences. IPA acknowledges that this exploration cannot be achieved independent of the researchers own perceptions and view of the world. The result is that IPA presents the researcher’s interpretation of the participant’s experience. IPA uses open and non-directive questions within semi-structured interviews, or diary work (written, audio or video) with the researchers using the actual transcript to perform the analysis. Discourse Analysis (DA) “. . . ... ... middle of paper ... ...lysis in psychology. (pp. 187-199). Hove England: Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis. Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2008). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. In G. M. Breakwel (Ed.), Doing social psychology research The British Psychological Society and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed. ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. van Dijk, T. A. (1997). Analysing Discourse Analysis. [Editorial]. Discourse & Society, 8(1), 5-6. Willig, C. (1999). Applied discourse analysis : social and psychological interventions. Buckingham: Open University Press. Willig, C. (2008). Introducing qualitative research in psychology : adventures in theory and method (2nd ed. ed.). Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Open University Press.
Glaser, Barney G & Strauss, Anselm L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company
The aim of the research is outlined as an attempt to understand the phenomenology of
The author could have employed other methods of qualitative research such as, narrative analysis, grounded theory, discourse analysis, data display and analysis, content analysis and quantifying qualitative data and computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAPDAS) (Saunders et al., 2016). Nevertheless, these approaches seem cumbersome sometimes and take a long time to complete (Willig, 1999; Braun and Clarke, 2006 and Smith and Bekker,
Nursing research has been a part of the nursing profession for many years, consisting of both qualitative and quantitative research. It is essential in guiding nursing practice. Many nurses have a baseline understanding of research in general, but when conducting research it is important also to understand personal values and beliefs to guide the type of research to conduct. Understanding the differences between epistemology, methodology, and methods, will assist in this choice to conduct a valid research project.
Qualitative research should include a framework as it allows the reader to decide whether an inductive or rational approach was applied. Ryan et al (2007) questions if a framework has been justified within a research paper. The symbolic interactionism theory for descriptive and interpretive studies was used in the study by Horsburgh and Ross (2013) define the main beliefs that underline their selected theoretical framework. Focus groups were used to support
There are two types of research that can be conducted in research studies, these are qualitative and quantitative (Newman, 2011). Qualitative research is a process that uses detailed oriented methodology that tries to achieve a profound knowledge or understanding of specific incident and circumstance, wh...
I will explain these features as follows: the first one is the combining structure with flexibility is one of the key features of in-depth interview and the researcher will have some sense of the themes which they wish to discover and interviews will be normally based on some form of topic guide (or interview agenda) setting out the key topics and issues to be covered during the
Quantitative and qualitative research are often compared for their strengths and weaknesses. Yet, in many cases, both approaches compliment each other when attempting to understand human experience. When quantitative research is unable to thoroughly identify the information numerically, qualitative research lends a hand by giving a subjective intake of the data. And, quantitative research does the same for qualitative research. Proving that, both approaches help researchers grasp a greater understanding of human experience.
Marshall, C, Rossman, Gretchen B, (2006). Designing qualitative research, 4th edition, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Ulin,R.P., Robinson,E.T.,Tolle,E.E. (2005) Qualitative Methods in Public Health: A Field Guide for Applied Research. San Francisco: Family health international. in Humanities a
focused on the key qualitative research methods. For each article review, a brief description, guided by Myers (2013), and a critique, guided Pratt (2009), is provided. A summary of the five articles identifying the research method, data collection technique, data analysis approach and critique is provided in Table 1. The narrative review of each article coupled with figures and tables to organize and visualize thoughts (Pratt, 2009) follows the summary table.
Qualitative research was designed as a way to be directly connected with the subjects researched. Participant researchers may choose to merely observe and collect data or to be an active participant. Covert participation has the advantage of reducing the “reactive effects” of the social setting or group (Bachman & Schutt, 2012). Most researchers who use the participation method of research will often strike a balance between participation and observation. Through participation, an observer may gain the trust of the research subjects which can provide more fruitful results. Some research may however be unethical or a violation of law. A good researcher should use prudence beforehand when crafting their research design.
(2013) describes content analysis and thematic analysis appropriate for researchers who wish to conduct a low level of interpretation, in contrast to phenomenology and grounded theory, where higher levels of interpretation would be required. Content analysis is defined as the various ways to analyze a text. It is the coding and categorizing approach used for gathering and interpreting large amounts of written information to localize themes, trends and patterns (Vaismoradi et al.,
Stejskal, S.M. (2010) Quatiative and Qualitative Research Methods are not and should not be Mutually Exclusive, Grinn Verlag.
...ve and quantitative methods to conduct a successful research. But, both qualitative and quantitative research is based on assumptions, and both when carried out accurately provide good research.