Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
An essay on influenza pandemic
Impacts of the influenza pandemic
An essay on influenza pandemic
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: An essay on influenza pandemic
What would later become one of the deadliest plagues the world had ever seen started innocuously enough in the spring of 1918 spreading through populations on both sides of the Atlantic. Remarkable for its highly infectious nature, the spring strain was relatively non-lethal, rarely killing infected individuals (Kolata, 1999). Thus little more than average attention was paid to the precursor of a virus that would eventually kill between twenty-one and one-hundred million individuals worldwide (Barry, 2004). Only after the fall wave of the 1918 influenza did it become a requirement to report cases of influenza thus information on this first wave is sporadic at best (Kolata, 1999). I will argue that the nature of this missing data combined with the biology of the virus itself could explain a fascinating phenomenon that cropped up in the infection rate data for the 1918 influenza, that despite significantly poorer living conditions, African-Americans were significantly less likely to contract the virus or die from it.
The Spanish Influenza pandemic that ravaged the world came in two waves; the first during the spring of 1918 was relatively mild. The second wave began in the fall of 1918 and is the better remembered and far more virulent strain that killed millions (Figure 2). Although the virus returned for an encore in 1920 the new strain was attenuated and the population had a high level of resistance so relatively few individuals died (Crosby, 1989).
Figure 1. Combined weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality, United Kingdom, 1918-1919. Reprinted from “1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics,” by Jeffery K. Taubenberger and David M. Morens, 2006, Emerging Infectious Diseases
The origin of the H1N1 influenza of 1918 is...
... middle of paper ...
...enza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Maloney, T. N. (2010, February). African Americans in the Twentieth Century. Retrieved 2011, from EH.net: http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/maloney.african.american
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. (1937). Influenza and Pneumonia. In L. I. Dublin, & A. J. Lotka, Twenty-Five Years of Health Progress (p. 124). New York.
Taubenberger, J. K., & Morens, D. M. (2006). 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Whatley, W. C., & Sedo, S. (1998, May). Quit Behavior as a Measure of Worker Opportunity: Black Workers in the Interwar Industrial North. The American Economic Review, 88(2), 363-367.
Williams, D. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, 173-188.
The epidemic began at around the end of the first World War and was the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. Some symptoms of the influenza included muscle pains, sore throat, headache, fever, glandular disturbances, eye aberrations, heart action slowing, and depression of all bodily functions and reactions. The flu is highly contagious and spreads around easily whenever an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. This global disaster was nicknamed the “Spanish Flu,” or “La Grippe
across the world claiming victims at an unprecedented rate. The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic stretched its lethal tentacles all over the globe, even to the most remote areas of the planet, killing fifty million people or possibly even more. Influenza killed more people in a year than the Black Death of the Middle Ages killed in a century, and it killed more people in twenty-four weeks than AIDS has killed in twenty-four years.3 Influenza normally kills the elderly and infants, but this deadly and abnormal
The social effects of the influenza epidemic of 1918 were severe: (1) The medical and scientific communities had to develop new theories and “apply them to prevention, diagnostics and treatment of the influenza patients” (Barry, 234). Something that, until then, no pandemic had forced (or allowed) such a collaboration. (2) In some cities and towns residents were required to wear surgical masks to protect themselves from the virus because influenza can penetrate even tightly woven clothing. (3) Children
Influenza and War This week, influenza and the war continue to affect Manchester, causing mayhem as well as celebration within the county. Manchester residents, from toddlers to elders, bravely face the influenza epidemic onslaught and stand triumphant with minimal fatality. Unfortunately, the influenza epidemic did impact Manchester's social, economic and military life but without detrimental results.... Influenza, the Illness After careful observation by medical specialists around the
Children's Songs' Popularity in 1918 A brief review of the historical year of 1918 when people were informed to take precaution against influenza, while their children came up with a catchy tune for the "worst epidemic the United States has ever known"1 and comparing it with the influenza of today. PHILADELPHIA-- I had a little bird, Its name was Enza, I opened the window In 'flu' Enza. What is the truth behind the song mentioned above that children sing so often during those days? Ironic
Influenza Influenza, also known as the flu, is a common viral infection of the respiratory passage causing fever, and severe aching. It often occurs in epidemics. It can happen to anyone of any age, race, or sex. It affects most people during the winter. It is usually spread from person to person by them coughing, or sneezing on each other. However, sometimes it can be spread by people touching something that was recently contaminated with the virus and the touching their mouth or nose. Some of
from the Chelsea Naval Hospital BOSTON, September 12, 1918 Dear Journal, The Great War rages on. An influenza epidemic claims the lives of several Americans. But, the Boston Red Sox have done it again. Last night, in a 2-1 victory over the Chicago Cubs at Fenway Park (thanks to Carl Mays' three-hitter), the Boston Red Sox won their fifth World Series championship--amid death and disease, a reason to live ... Babe Ruth and the 1918 Red Sox. If I die today, at least I lived to see the Sox
Influenza is defined as an acute, commonly epidemic disease, occurring in several forms, caused by numerous rapidly mutating viral strains and characterized by respiratory symptoms and general prostration. Spanish flu was more than just a normal epidemic, it was a pandemic. Epidemics affect many people at the same time in areas where the disease doesn’t normally occur. A pandemic is an epidemic on a national, international, or global scale. The Spanish flu was different from the seasonal flu
understand a problem, the first step is to figure out how the problem came about. To fully understand the cause of Pandemics and the disastrous effects they have on society, scientists reflect back on previous outbreaks in history. The Spanish influenza epidemic of 1918 took the world by storm and caused major havoc across the globe. An estimated 25 to 50 million people died from the disease and over 500 million people were affected around the world. Though people survived this catastrophic outbreak, they
majority of excess influenza deaths.”2 The reason that the Influenza pandemic of 1918 killed so many young people has baffled scientists for decades. It has been hypothesized that this younger generation of people were born in the late 1800’s and were only exposed to the “H3 influenza virus, which appeared as a pandemic 1889.”2 Their immune systems were not prepared for a virus with a combination of influenza viruses, leading to the higher mortality rates. In opposition, another possibility explored
the economic impact of these events however, due to the lack of accurate records. The exception is the flu epidemic of 1918, which had a long lasting and significant impact on the world economy. In a ten month period stretching from late 1918 into early 1919, over 40 million people worldwide died as a result of the flu epidemic, about 4% of the world’s population. In comparison, the AIDS epidemic has killed 25 million people since 1981. In the United states alone over 700,000 people died, which is greater
pleasant thing in the world. In nineteen eighteen there was a flu epidemic that spread worldwide, it later became known as the Spanish flu. This was a deadly virus that most did not survive. It shocked and effected many people. The Spanish Flu of nineteen eighteen was one of the worst epidemics in American history because it killed more than 20.6 million people worldwide. The Spanish Flu was a virus, it was the second deadliest influenza in history, other than the Bubonic Plague. It was estimated to
provoked widespread illness, which is known as an epidemic or pandemic based upon size. An epidemic is when a common disease affects a large number of people within a particular region (Lamb). A pandemic is similar to an epidemic but is even more widespread than an epidemic, and spreads throughout entire continents or even the world. Despite the slight variation in meaning, most pandemics are interchangeably denoted as epidemics (Friendlander 13-14). Epidemics and pandemics have formed the course of human
INFLUENZA A virus called an Orthomyxovirus causes influenza. Often called flu, sometimes-even grippe. It is a very contagious disease, and it infects many parts of our bodies. This also includes are lungs. A person can get influenza if someone coughs, sneezes, or even talks around you while they are infected. Influenza is sometimes considered serious in some cases but can be prevented and treated. When you get the “flu” in the lungs, the lining of the respiratory tract is damaged by becoming swollen
the late 1918 and spread to the United States (“The Influenza Epidemic of 1918”). It killed 675,000 Americans (“The 1918 Influenza Pandemic”). Which is 25% of the US population (“The Influenza Epidemic of 1918”). Half of all the US soldiers in Europe in ww1 died from the disease then from combat (“The 1918 Influenza Pandemic”). Back in the United States government officials ordered all citizens to wear masks and ordered the shutdown of all public places like schools and theaters (“1918 Flu Pandemic”)