Abstract Bell’s palsy is a very interesting phenomenon that results in the damage of the facial nerve that controls the muscles of the face. The cause of it is uncertain however, it is considered to be an autoimmune disorder due to viral infections that cause muscle weakness and paralysis. Symptoms of Bell’s palsy include numbness to the face causing the face and eyelids to droop. Relies heavily on signs and symptoms and examination of physical condition by a doctor is highly recommended. Patients can be evaluated using Photoshop, ultrasound, and tests such as MRI, X-rays, and blood tests. Bell’s palsy patients can recover by medical treatments, facial phototherapy, laser therapy, botox, and in rare cases plastic surgery.
Introduction
Bell’s
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This is due to a problem with the facial nerve that allows the muscles of your face to conduct certain expressions and movements. The facial nerve extends from the brain stem to a narrow canal just behind the ear. The facial nerve supplies small muscles to the ear that are responsible for muffling the sounds we here. This nerve is also responsible for facial movements such as closing the eyelid, raising the eye brows, smiling, and moving the forehead. In addition, it is also responsible for taste sensation of the tongue and opening and closing of the mouth (see Figure 1, for visual anatomy of the facial nerve). Bell’s palsy is strictly localized to one half of the face in some extremely rare cases it can affect both sides of the face. The real cause of Bell’s palsy is not certain. It is considered to be due to an autoimmune disorder that causes the facial nerve to swell. It could also be due to a viral infection that causes muscle weakness and paralysis. However, the leading causes of Bell’s palsy may be shingles and herpes simplex virus that results in mouth infections like colds. Other viral causes of Bell’s palsy can be cytomegalo virus that causes herpes and coxsackie virus that causes disease of the mouth, hands, and feet. Also, viruses that are …show more content…
It claimed that in fact phototherapy has had a positive affect with a successful outcome (Marques et al., 2011). A gentle laser light had a positive effected on the nerve regeneration and consequent recovery of normal nerve physiology. The laser light stimulated reinervation of the tissues by either the penetration of the axons or on adjacent Schwann’s cells inducing the compromised tissue to secrete proteins related to nerve growth or the releasing of mediator of nerve growth that will affect non-damage adjacent nerves. These aspects were reflected on the treatment of the patient (Marques et al,
Fitzgerald, M., et al. “Red/near-infrared irradiation therapy for treatment of central nervous system injuries and disorders.” Rev. Neurosci. 24.2: (2013): 205-26.
Purpose- To identify the functions of the cranial nerve of the peripheral nervous system such as the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and the hypoglossal nerves. I will examine these functions with a series of behavior tests on my partner Jazmine Cooley to see if all nerves are functioning properly and if they are not, then this will be considered an identified dysfunction of a cranial nerve which is a diagnosis. Materials and Methods- Gloves Container full of substance Standardized eye chart Tape line
...tive to intrathecal administration of morphin than tactil allodynia. Therefore, examination of both modalities is important when examining the spinal pharmacology of the nerve-injured state
Flaccid dysarthria results from damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN) or the peripheral nervous system (Hageman, 1997). The characteristics of flaccid dysarthria generally reflect damage to cranial nerves with motor speech functions (e.g., cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII) (Seikel, King & Drumright, 2010). Lower motor neurons connect the central nervous system to the muscle fibers; from the brainstem to the cranial nerves with motor function, or from the anterior horns of grey matter to the spinal nerves (Murdoch, 1998). If there are lesions to spinal nerves and the cranial nerves with motor speech functions, it is indicative of a lower motor neuron lesion and flaccid dysarthria. Damage to lower motor neurons that supply the speech muscles is also known as bulbar palsy (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Potential etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accidents, tumors or traumatic brain injury (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Possible congenital etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include Moebius syndrome and cerebral palsy. Flaccid dysarthria can also arise from infections such as polio, herpes zoster, and secondary infections to AIDS (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Additionally, demyelinating diseases such as Guilian-Barre syndrome and myotonic muscular dystrophy can also lead to flaccid dysarthria (Pena-Brookes & Hedge, 2007). The lower motor neuron lesion results in loss of voluntary muscle control, and an inability to maintain muscle tone. Fasciculations, or twitching movements, may occur if the cell body is involved in the lesion (Seikel et. al., 2010). The primary speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria include imprecise consonant production, hypernasal resonance, breathiness, and harsh voice (...
MG patients have only one-third of the normal numbers of acetylcholine receptors which causes weak and easily fatigued muscles. The muscles under voluntary control are affected. The heart muscles, which are under involuntary control, are not affected. In MG generally, the muscles that control the eye and eyelid movement are affected first, causing the eyelids to sag. Some MG patients may develop double or blurred vision. When only the eye muscles are affected, the disease is known as Ocular Myasthenia. Disease symptoms affecting the facial muscles leads to limitations of facial expressions. Victims have difficulty smiling and expressing emotions on their face.
...ith photodynamic therapy. Neoplastic tissues would take up compounds of photosensitizing agents, and the interaction of light with the photosensitizing agent eventually leads to the production of cytotoxic free radicles[secret]. The advantages of this treatment is that multiple lesions could be treated even though that could take more than one treatment. However, the downside to this treatment is that it is limited only to neoplasms that are at superficial level. Patients might also acquire side effects such as having photosensitization for around 4-6 weeks, or causing tissues to undergo necrosis which sloughs off after some time.[secret] The latter effect would induce pain in patients.
described in an essay called “Shaking Palsy” published in 1817 by a London Physician named
The facial nerve fibers originate from the pons, lateral to the abducens nerves (Marieb & Hoehn). Branches enter the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus; they run through the inner ear cavity with the bone before they emerge through the stylomastoid foramen (Marieb & Hoehn). The facial nerve is the motor nerve to all of the muscles of expression in the face; it is distributed by multiple branches as it innervates various facial muscles including: the platysma, buccinator, the muscles of the external ear, the digastric, and the stylohyoid (Gray, 1995). Parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve innervate the the lacrimal glands of the eyes, nasal and palatine glands, and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (Marieb & Hoehn).
Many people have heard the term cerebral palsy and may have a personal perception about the appearance and effects of this
Laser therapy has been accepted widely by the general public and the medical professionals for its extensive benefits. This therapy precisely targets the affected area, minimizes the use of general anesthesia, encourages shorter hospital stay and improves the patient outcomes. These benefits have lead to its increased use and importance worldwide.
Two treatment types are being studied for spinal cord injury: injection of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 and transplantation of human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In the spinal cord, ATP can act as an excitatory neurotransmitter (Domercq et al,. 2009). ATP is released in excess for six hours after the initial damage. Most tissue damage happens after the main injury occurs, so finding a treatment that will slow the secondary injury down is a main interest for clinical treatment studies. Injecting a P2X7 antagonist that is sensitive to ATP into the region of the spinal cord that has been damaged has been found to slow down secondary injury (Peng et al., 2009). Also, demyelination of neurons can be found after spinal cord injury. Transplanting human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into the damaged tissue has shown to help with remyelinating the neurons. Th...
...t optogenetics has huge potential to help save lives and that it will have a big impact in the near future around the world. Because optogenetics is performed on the brain, one mess up has the potential to change the patient’s life drastically if not done correctly, so its performance on humans will not be soon because of the need for this technique to be perfected. “Neuroscientists are eagerly, but not always successfully, looking for proof that optogenetics—a celebrated technique that uses pulses of visible light to genetically alter brain cells to be excited or silenced—can be as successful in complex and large brains as it has been in rodent models” (“Neuroscience Method” 1). Scientists have yet to uncover the endless possibilities of optogenetics and when they do, it can improve the well-being of humans all over the world and thrive for the generations to come.
The time required for recovery and recuperation in laser treatment is less than that required for surgery.
...rocess and is cost effective for many patients. It has also generated a positive impact on patient’s comfort and convenience. Yet still, the selection of an optimal modality remains amongst the scientific and medical communities. Further research and clinical trials to support these positive effects on wound healing may help generate that consensus and help ES therapy gain full support in the US. In reviewing the above studies the evidence of the numerous beneficial effects ES therapy has are clear, however, the evidence that the lack of consensus on standardization of parameters to devise systematic protocols for its use and the lack of uniformity in reports on ES dosages, application modes and waveforms is also clear. Further research trials are needed in order to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing
Bell’s palsy is also known as facial palsy. It is the paralysis or weakness of muscles in one side of the face caused by several different viruses. In some rare cases it can affect both sides of the face. It has similar symptoms to a stroke but if it just affects the facial muscles it is likely not a stroke. It was first described in 1821 but can be traced back to 5th century BCE (Sajadi, 2011).