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Assignment on depression
Causes of mental illness essay
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Likewise, Beck asserts that depression stems from a person’s maladaptive thoughts, which help to construct their reality (also known as schemata). For example, Beck’s cognitive triad and how it associates to Jane’s maladaptive ways of thinking can create and maintain Jane’s emotions and behaviors. Wherein, Jane has a negative perception of her personal world and of herself. In addition to a negative outlook regarding her personal future. So cognitive therapy can help to eliminate and restructure Jane’s automatic thoughts. In addition, the therapist should take into consideration, offering Jane the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). Wherein, Jane can give a self-report and allow the therapist insight on whether or not depression has an influence
Beck, MD, provides the understanding of how dysfunctional thinking is common to all psychological disturbances and can influence a person’s mood and behaviors and vice versa ( ). Through CBT, the therapist looks deeper into the client’s thoughts-their beliefs about themselves, the world, and others. When these thoughts are changed to a more positive view, behaviors and feelings often will project a more positive change as well. With adolescents who struggle with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, CBT has been shown to be quite effective in treating this disorder. It is used often times to break the cycle of emotion-thought-behavior. The cycle is explained as a person feeling an emotion which then leads to a particular thought that makes them uncomfortable which then leads to the negative behavior occurring that then creates another negative feeling and the cycle continues. CBT is then used to change this cycle by creating a more realistic thought that the child can then view in terms where they are more under control and can help them to see their fallacies in thinking, which then lead to them being able to behave in a more appropriate way. ( ) Children often do not look or even understand these thoughts or feelings and thus then act impulsively with their behaviors. With Tanyia, CBT has helped her in addressing her feelings of inadequacy and abandonment, which then create the thoughts that she is not loved or that no one
Mary is a 24 year old woman who has faced a series of traumatic events throughout her life. Mary's depression can be represented by the cognitive theory (Liese et al., 1997). The process in this theory can be shown through Beck's cognitive model (Liese et al., 1997). According to the model, Mary experiences depression because she holds incorrect negative views about herself, other people and the future and these beliefs take precedent over her actions, thoughts and emotions (Liese et al., 1997).
The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is the latest version of one of the most extensively used assessments of depression that utilizes a self-report method to measure depression severity in individuals aged thirteen and older (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996). The BDI-II proves to be an effective measure of depression as evidenced by its prevalent use in both clinical and counseling settings, as well as its use in studies of psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996). Even though the BDI-II is meant to be administered individually, the test administration time is only 5 to 10 minutes and Beck, Steer & Brown (1996) remark that the interpretive guidelines presented in the test manual are straightforward, making the 21 item Likert-type measure an enticing option to measure depression in appropriate educational settings. However it is important to remember that even though the BDI-II may be easy to administer and interpret, doing so should be left to highly trained individuals who plan to use the results in correlation with other assessments and client specific data when diagnosing a client with depression. An additional consideration is the response bias that can occur in any self-report instrument; Beck, Steer & Brown (1996, pg. 1) posit that clinicians are often “faced with clients who alter their presentation to forward a personal agenda that may not be shared.” This serves as an additional reminder that self-report assessments should not be the only assessment used in the diagnoses process.
The major principles of cognitive theory proposition that all of an individual’s moods are created by their thoughts, or cognitions. When an individual is experiencing maladaptive feelings, these thoughts are commanded by pervasive
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), initialized by Dr. Aaron Beck, is a therapy method that uses both cognitive and behavioural paradigm approaches. It is based on the former theory of depression stating that one’s thoughts are accountable for the different emotional reactions one has in different situations. The goal of cognitive behavioural therapy is to help an individual isolate their maladaptive or negative thoughts, to assess how these thoughts are affecting their emotions and to help them reconstruct their thought patterns. The outcome of the individual’s awareness of their maladaptive or negative thoughts and feelings through CBT, is an affirmative adjustment in their thought arrangements. Therefore,
Arron Beck is a theorist of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. The aim of the therapy is to help individuals to be more aware when they are making negative interpretations, can identify different behavioural patterns that they were displaying when reinforcing their distorted thinking. The CBT looked at developing alternative ways in thinking to try and combat situations where individuals have distorted thoughts or feelings, and to find rational explanations in their irrational thoughts. The theory looks at breaking down the individual’s problem to make more sense of it, giving them a sense or normality. (simply psychology,
The way that people perceive themselves and the environment around them is a key factor regarding their development and has incredible control over their personality and behaviors. Every individual develops different ways of interpreting their environment and social-cognitive theory calls these interpretations schemas, which can help understand the environment and form self-perceptions. Once self-perceptions are formed self-verification theory states that people will work to keep their self-perceptions consistent and predictable. Self-perception is a key factor in personality because it can affect people’s beliefs about themselves, their ability to set proper goals, and having a healthy evaluative standard. A study was done that shows how the brain of depressed individuals functions differently wen thinking about oneself than that of non-depressed individuals. Research has proven that individuals who have very negative self-schemas, often individuals who are depressed, will actively seek information that confirms their negative self-perception. Although it is unhealthy to receive negative feedback, it can also be unhealthy to receive information that contradicts someone’s current self-perception. The information that individuals interpret about themselves is what forms self-perception and that perception will influence both their personality and behaviors.
In the 1960s, Aaron Beck was practicing psychoanalyst and wanted to show that the theory of psychoanalysis was empirically valid as a concept for depression (Beck, 2011). Dr. Beck’s experiments showed evidence different from what he expected. In anticipation of conceptualizing depression, he observed that depressed individuals tend to have unprompted negative thoughts and he referred to these thoughts as automatic thoughts (Beck Institute, n.d.). Then he started to evaluate patients based on these automatic thoughts and realized that it effectively helped patients feel better. He called this form of psychotherapy as Cognitive Therapy, which is also referred to as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Beck,
Certain practical issues need to be considered by the clinician during the assessment of MDD, (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). Depressed individuals tend to express their problems in a detailed manner when they are aware of what is expected from them during initial phase of assessment. Warning depressed clients about the possible interruptions at the initial phase along with providing them rationale helps to improve the effectiveness of the assessment (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). As depressed individuals tend to commit cognitive bias (Dozois & Beck, 2008), it is necessary to determine the actual impairment by evaluating patient’s daily routine in terms of different areas of functioning. Each diagnostic criteria needs to be addressed in number of ways (Shea, 1988). Sometimes, the patient describe their symptoms in more idiosyncratic way. So, the clinician needs to translate those concerns in to the nosological system (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). Bolland & Keller (2009) emphasize the need to assess the number of previous episodes and their duration because this information is one the predictor for risk of subsequent relapse (Solomon et al, 2000). Dozois & Dobson (2009) have reported to rely upon information related to previous episode carefully as the client may commit the reporting bias. The reporting bias can be reduced by ensuring that the patient understands the time frame to which he or she refers (Dozois & Dobson, 2009) and providing contextual cues to the patient’s memory (Shea, 1988). The information related to previous treatments, medical history, patient’s motivation for change, etc. may help in identifying resources for change (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). It is also helpful to assess client’s strengths which will help in formulating...
Depression is a mental disorder that currently affects more than 350 million people worldwide (who, 2012). With such a staggering amount of people suffering from depression it is important for people to know about it. While some people think that depression is just short term differences in one’s mood that is not the case at all (who, 2012). Someone suffering from depression can have their disorder have negative effects on their life and other people’s lives. Luckily for most people suffering from depression there is treatment available Sadly though because many people don’t understand depression they may not seek treatment at all (NIH, n.d). In order to truly understand depression you need to understand what it is, signs and symptoms, causes, how to diagnose it, and treatment.
Beck, A. (1978). Cognitive therapy of depression (The Guildford Clinical Psychology and psychopathology series). New York, N.Y : Guildford Press.
Cognitive restructuring focuses on changing the clients’ thought pattern and improving behavior (Miley et al., 2013). Those with cognitive disorders often have low self-esteem, unrealistic thoughts of people or events, and negative thoughts of themselves and/or others (Miley et al., 2013). Jane appears to have many identifying factors of a cognitive disorder, and may benefit from this therapy.
Clinical depression is very common. Over nine million Americans are diagnosed with clinical depression at some point in their lives. Many more people suffer from clinical depression because they do not seek treatment. They may feel that depression is a personal weakness, or try to cope with their symptoms alone. On the other hand, some people are comfortable with admitting their symptoms and seeking help. Such a discrepancy may account for the differences in reported cases of depression between men and women, which indicate that more than twice the numbers of women than men are clinically depressed. According to the numbers of reported cases of depression, 25% of women and 10% of men will have one or more episodes of clinical depression during their lifetimes.
The first assessment that to be considered for mental health issues is the Beck Depression Inventory II. The revised version of the original BDI consists of 21 questions that access the symptoms and cognitive feelings on a 4-point scale, which is given by the clinician or in written form (Back and Steer, 1993). The BDI II should not take more than 15 minutes and depending on the total score will result in a mild, moderate or severe depression evaluation of the test taker (Back and Steer, 1993). The BDI II is one of the founding assessment tools to monitor the level of depression in individuals. The revised version allows for assessing the changes in sleep and appetite (Erford, Johnson & Bardoshi, 2016). The tool does not suggest any
The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a 21-item scale that measures the severity of self-reported anxiety in adults and adolescents. The inventory was created by Aaron T. Beck and his colleague, Robert A. Steer, at the Center for Cognitive Therapy, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry. The most recent edition was published in 1993 by The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company in San Antonio, TX. The first edition was published in 1988. The 1993 edition recommends different scoring guidelines than previous editions. There is only one form and one manual as part of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). To purchase the BAI in 2010, the manual and 25 scoring sheets would cost $110.00. This information is from the Pearson Assessments website.